OPVL

OVPL

Maira Soliman

Origin:

The title of the source is Rural Rides and was written by William Cobbett in the year of 1822-24. In Hartswood, England it’s a small passage from the book Rural Rides by William. The book was made up of descriptions on how the author saw rural life and this book helped the formation of Parliamentary Agriculture Committee.

Purpose:

The purpose is to prove the destruction of the rural economy. It’s about lifestyle in rural places of England that are now very poor. Cobbetts main focus on the poor and pauperism. He called for the readers to understand that England’s rural life isn’t as glorious as it used to be. He wanted to appeal to the people of urban and rural Britain.

Value:

It helped by telling me that the economy was terrible in rural England forcing. Many to move to urban areas and cause urbanization. William was the son of an innkeeper and a farmer served in the army in and then later became a well-known journalist.

Limitation:

The good part of rural living and economy, because he grew up there and thinks. Its way worse than it actually is. There aren’t any other sources that can support this. William is a Journalist so it’s pretty much in his field.

Source 2

[56] ART. III. —1. Abstract of the Answers and Returns made pursuant to an Act passed in the eleventh year of his Majesty King. George the Fourth, intituled ' An Act for the taking an Account of the Population of Great Britain, and the increase or diminution thereof.' Ordered by the House of Commons to be printed, 2nd April; 1833. 3 Vols. folio. 
2. Abstract of Returns under the Irish Population Acts—Enumeration, 1831. Ordered by the House of Commons to be printed, 7th, August, 
3. Sur la Population de la Grande Bretagne. Par L. R. Villermé 1834.

Origin:

The Quarterly Review published April, 1835 talks about the population changes in population in Great Britain and Ireland. John Murray wrote the collection of journals of the Quarterly Review.

Purpose:

The source was created to prove the drastic changes in the country’s population and its population density. The main focus is on population and how it effects urbanization in England and maybe even Ireland. The intended audience is all citizens of UK.

Value:

This helped me better understand the reason way people started moving to the big city. This drastic move helped develop the system of urbanization. The source talks on how small towns became too crowded and too poor so most people were forced to move to cities to help support their financial needs. John Murray was born in London and was the son of a marine and was a well known publisher and yes he was in his field.

Limitation:

He was born in London but wrote in the perspective of being in a small town and but in reality he only lived in London.

Industrial Revolution

Main Causes of the Industrial Revolution

           

            The Industrial Revolution was major changes in technology, agriculture, transportation and manufacturing. These changes first started in England but later spread to the whole of Europe, North America and even parts of Asia that were colonized. In the 1800s the English lifestyle transformed completely and England prolonged growth in almost every industry. The time of the Industrial Revolution was the perfect time for innovations and that’s what the people strived upon. The Industrial Revolution started because of changes in politics, economy, science, natural resources and society.

            The political changes that sparked the Industrial Revolution were truly very important in making England better in every aspect of life. A key political change is the establishment of the bank of England. The first official bank owned by the country was very important as it helped in paying back the massive debt the country had. The bank promised back an interest to all the people who are giving their money there. This was the best way for the country to repay the money they owe and make even more money. The bank of England later developed an advanced banking system that helped the country and the people.

            The economical changes were key to the development of the Industrial Revolution. The steady banking system that progressed after the establishment of the nation’s bank gradually gained the state money. All this money the empire was earning was used for trading and farming. Trade spread like never before and triangular trade was born. Triangular trade is trade between Europe, Africa, and North America mostly trading in goods and slaves this made England willing to fight for the market, which goes back to a political change. The money retained from the bank interests and trades were used in developing innovations in science.

            Science was greatly affected by the Industrial Revolution as it gave everyone the chance in producing new ideas and inventions that could help any industry. The greatest invention of that time was the steam engine, which, is still used today in various ways. The steam engine was an efficient appliance that was used in trains and the steamboat were the best forms of transportation. Transportation became exceptionally better at and even after this period of time. One main component to the steam engine was coal that was used to create energy.

            Natural Resources were very important because they were needed for many things and extracting these resources needed miners and created job opportunities. Iron and coal were the most sought out for, as they were needed for important machines of transportation. The sailing boat needed an endless amount of iron nails to build them. This need for iron gave blacksmiths plenty of job opportunities. Coal was needed for a form of energy for the steam engine. This high demand for coal employed hundreds maybe even thousands of miners to extract the valuable “black carbon”. With a high employment rate the standard of living increased meaning better living conditions and more money. All this caused the population to increased drastically.

            With an increased population people had to move the city this was the main attribute to urbanization that started in that time. Urbanization is when an increased amount of people move to towns rather than small villages. Urbanization usually occurs when a large amount of people start moving to cities to save in expenses of the transportation making them closer to the “big city” therefore their work. Being in larger towns makes it easier to invest in education. Education is very important in any time but in this time it was crucial to keep the Industrial Revolution alive. Having an educated generation will be the best way to keep advancing with new ideas to help the way of living in general in England.

            The Industrial Revolution was a very important time in English history with many historical innovations that changed many industries in England. The five main causes are changes in politics, economics, science, natural resources and society. All these changes were key to this revolution in the industry and it’s learned that all these aspects are intertwined together and making as what we know now as the Industrial Revolution, which started in England but spread to the whole of the world.

The Industrial Revolution Through Primary Sources (urbanization):-

How did the Industrial Revolution impact urbanization in Britain?

What is urbanization?

  - How was urban life different than rural life?

When did Urbanization first start to occur?

  - why did it start during the Industrial Revolution?

Where did urbanization first start?

How did urbanization impact the citizen’s life?

     -How did the people’s lifestyle change?

     - How did their working conditions?

     - Did it affect their health?

How did urbanization effect city services?

Did urbanization lead to more job opportunities?

Did the people earn more money? (Salary)

How did urbanization affect the food industry?

-       How did it affect farmers?

-       How does it change the averages citizens diet?

How did the Industrial Revolution result in urbanization in britian?

What changes in England help the start of urbanization?

-       What were the changes in economy?

-       What were the changes in politics?

-       What were the changes in society?

-       What were the changes in science and technology?

What were both long -term and short-term consequences of urbanization?

What are some results of urbanization during the industrial revolution?

* the essay and questions wouldn't print so I posted on the blog

19th century project final

1.     How was russia changed by the Congress of Vienna? Maira Soliman

a.     What did russia gain or lose (including land and political power) from the Congress of Vienna?

The Russian Empire gained a few things from the Congress of Vienna. It took control of the Polish city of Warsaw. Warsaw was originally a city controlled by Poland but was later changed to a polish independent city or kingdom controlled by the Russian Empire. This was a huge gain for the Empire as it got recognition as a European Power and Empire rather than an Asian empire. Russia’s main goal was to keep monarchy system alive and well. Later the Spanish Monarchy was restored and this made Russia able to keep its claim over the land of Finland virtually lost nothing from Congress of Vienna.

b.     Were your russia s leaders and people satisfied with the outcome of the Congress of Vienna? Why or why not?

                       The Russian people and leaders were quite satisfied and happy with the outcome of the Congress of Vienna. The Congress of Vienna resulted in many gains for the Russian Empire such as parts of land and political power over the the settlement. Russia was one of the only countries that did not lose anything. This all made the Russian Empire as a whole happy. 

4 c.  After unification, a number of descendents of former royal nobility became regular residents of Italy, 7,387 families became normal. This made the higher class much less and tampered with the feudal system in Italy. With unification, the new kingdom faced serious economic problems and economic division. (Italy depended only on foreign trade and international price of coal and grain). One Big Consequence is that with Italy becoming a nation the nationalist ideology became very strong. This Ideology changed from nationalism to fascism. Italian fascism had a big part in the start of World War I and influenced German Nazism in World War II.

19th Century Europe Project

1.     How was russia changed by the Congress of Vienna? Maira Soliman

a.     What did russia gain or lose (including land and political power) from the Congress of Vienna?

The Russian Empire gained a few things from the Congress of Vienna. It took control of the Polish city of Warsaw. Warsaw was originally a city controlled by Poland but was later changed to a polish independent city or kingdom controlled by the Russian Empire. This was a huge gain for the Empire as it got recognition as a European Power and Empire rather than an Asian empire. Russia’s main goal was to keep monarchy system alive and well. Later the Spanish Monarchy was restored and this made Russia able to keep its claim over the land of Finland virtually lost nothing from Congress of Vienna.

b.     Were your russia s leaders and people satisfied with the outcome of the Congress of Vienna? Why or why not?

                       The Russian people and leaders were quite satisfied and happy with the outcome of the Congress of Vienna. The Congress of Vienna resulted in many gains for the Russian Empire such as parts of land and political power over the the settlement. Russia was one of the only countries that did not lose anything. This all made the Russian Empire as a whole happy. 

(to be continued)

Was Louis XIV An Absolute Monarch? Louis XIV also known as France’s Sun King is the perfect example of an Absolute Monarch. But first what is an Absolute Monarch? An Absolute Monarch is a ruler of a country that everything and everyone in his land such as his subjects, government and even the church. These monarchs believe they were God gave them their power. Absolute Monarchs had full power and were really wealthy . This essay will talk about how Louis is the perfect Absolute Monarch. Louis XIV was born to be the Monarch of France. On September 5, 1638 Louis was born to Louis XIII and his wife, Anne of Austria and was believed to be “god-given”. He inherited the throne form his father at the age of four. The royal family was driven out of Paris twice and a civil war started. This war caused Louis hardship and misfortune. All this fear and lack of pride formed him into the monarch he was. He wanted everything to be elaborate which wasn’t a luxury he had before and never trusting his people. Louis XIV ruled longer than any other monarch in Europe’s history. He ruled for 72 starting at age 4 in 1643 to 1715 when he was 76 years. If he weren’t an Absolute Monarch he wouldn’t have ruled for such a long time. Nobody could revolt against him thanks to the Divine Right of Kings stating that the monarch was chosen by God and that if someone was to go against the king than they are going against god which is sinful. Louis XIV wanted complete and absolute power over France. He was determined to be the sole leader with nobody coming in between. He was the strongest person in the country stronger than the government and even the Church. Louis believed as the Sun King he did not any consent and was the only decision maker. Louis XIV did not share his power in anyway and made sure that everybody was under his watchful eye. Louis was really scared of losing his power to one any of the nobles around him. He made all the nobles move with him in the Court of Versailles to have them under his control so none of them would rebel. He made it clear that he was the ruler, and that all orders came from him. Louis removed the limits to legislative power. He took the customary power of parliament to ensure his power and regulations. He reformed judicial systems to give himself power. Louis did anything to be the only one with power Louis glorified the monarchy with through the arts and buildings. He was a strong believer in the arts and a big patron of the arts. He would have great French painters paint portraits of him that showed many aspects of his wealth and power. But the Court of Versailles was his biggest statement as it showed how powerful and rich he actually is. It was an extravagant building showing his power as he moved the government from Paris to Versailles and wealth from the sheer size of it. Louis XIV showed his wealth and power to other countries by fighting Continental Wars. In 1667-1668 the war of Devolution against the Habsburg controlled Spanish Netherlands. 5 years later France started a war against the United Provinces of Netherlands in the Third Anglo-Dutch War from 1672-1678. In 1697 he fought both England and the Netherlands in Franco-Dutch War. Also the War of the Spanish Succession 1701-1714. Louis’ army and its participation in wars showed his power and strong leadership. This was all a symbol of wealth and power in Louis XIV’s eyes. Louis is an Absolute Monarch that ruled France. He had full power over everything and had wealth beyond anybody’s imagination. He did everything possible to be the only ruler of France and succeeded. Louis XIV is the perfect example of an Absolute Monarch and Absolutism itself.

Was Louis XIV An Absolute Monarch?

Louis XIV also known as France’s Sun King is the perfect example of an Absolute Monarch.  But first what is an Absolute Monarch? An Absolute Monarch is a ruler of a country that everything and everyone in his land such as his subjects, government and even the church. These monarchs believe they were God gave them their power. Absolute Monarchs had full power and were really wealthy . This essay will talk about how Louis is the perfect Absolute Monarch.

Louis XIV was born to be the Monarch of France. On September 5, 1638 Louis was born to Louis XIII and his wife, Anne of Austria and was believed to be “god-given”. He inherited the throne form his father at the age of four. The royal family was driven out of Paris twice and a civil war started. This war caused Louis hardship and misfortune. All this fear and lack of pride formed him into the monarch he was. He wanted everything to be elaborate which wasn’t a luxury he had before and never trusting his people.

Louis XIV ruled longer than any other monarch in Europe’s history. He ruled for 72 starting at age 4 in 1643 to 1715 when he was 76 years. If he weren’t an Absolute Monarch he wouldn’t have ruled for such a long time. Nobody could revolt against him thanks to the Divine Right of Kings stating that the monarch was chosen by God and that if someone was to go against the king than they are going against god which is sinful.

Louis XIV wanted complete and absolute power over France. He was determined to be the sole leader with nobody coming in between. He was the strongest person in the country stronger than the government and even the Church. Louis believed as the Sun King he did not any consent and was the only decision maker.

Louis XIV did not share his power in anyway and made sure that everybody was under his watchful eye. Louis was really scared of losing his power to one any of the nobles around him. He made all the nobles move with him in the Court of Versailles to have them under his control so none of them would rebel. He made it clear that he was the ruler, and that all orders came from him.

Louis removed the limits to legislative power. He took the customary power of parliament to ensure his power and regulations. He reformed judicial systems to give himself power. Louis did anything to be the only one with power

Louis glorified the monarchy with through the arts and buildings. He was a strong believer in the arts and a big patron of the arts. He would have great French painters paint portraits of him that showed many aspects of his wealth and power. But the Court of Versailles was his biggest statement as it showed how powerful and rich he actually is. It was an extravagant building showing his power as he moved the government from Paris to Versailles and wealth from the sheer size of it.

Louis XIV showed his wealth and power to other countries by fighting Continental Wars. In 1667-1668 the war of Devolution against the Habsburg controlled Spanish Netherlands. 5 years later France started a war against the United Provinces of Netherlands in the Third Anglo-Dutch War from 1672-1678. In 1697 he fought both England and the Netherlands in Franco-Dutch War. Also the War of the Spanish Succession 1701-1714. Louis’ army and its participation in wars showed his power and strong leadership. This was all a symbol of wealth and power in Louis XIV’s eyes.

Louis is an Absolute Monarch that ruled France. He had full power over everything and had wealth beyond anybody’s imagination. He did everything possible to be the only ruler of France and succeeded. Louis XIV is the perfect example of an Absolute Monarch and Absolutism itself.

The Ottoman Empire *final draft

The Ottoman Empire

The Ottoman Empire started in the 13^th century and was one of the strongest and long lasting empires ever. But before it began the Turks were nomadic people searching for grasslands in Asia Minor. The Ottomans started conquests under the lead of Osman Bey who is considered to be the founder of the Ottoman Empire. There conquests were to Africa, Asia and Europe in the hand of the Ghazi. The Ghazis were warriors of faith who fought in the name of Islam to take in Christian and Jewish territories for the Ottomans. The warriors however didn’t go near Muslim territories because the point of their conquests is to spread Islam and didn’t want conflict with their Muslim brothers. The Ottomans finally settled in the city of Bursa and formed a government. This changed their nomadic lifestyle and ended in one of the greatest empires that lasted from the 13^th century to the 19^th century.

There are a lot of key elements that helped the empire to its rise but the most important is religion. Religion is the key element not only to the rise of the empire but also to the small factors that makes any great empire. Islam was important to education, warfare, foreign relations, agriculture and culture. All of the factors listed are important to the success of the empire and are all connected by the religion. Without them the Ottomans wouldn’t have existed or have prevailed.

Education was important to the Ottomans as the Devshirme system gave the empire loyal soldiers for the empire. The Devshirme is when the ottomans bring young boys at the ages of 8-15 from the Balkans to serve in state service of the empire. The boys were brought to be educated in the palace school where they were taught about Islam and its culture and learned Persian, Arabic and Ottoman Turkish also they converted to Islam. At the age of 25 they become part of the military. The whole point of the Devshirme system is that it gave the sultan loyal soldiers in his army.

Warfare was also influenced by religion as stated before Ghazis were really important to the Ottomans. Ghazis were warriors of the Islamic faith who fought against the Mongols to restore land to the Ottomans. Religion was might have been a problem in warfare because it limited the Ghazis conquests because they cannot set out to Muslim controlled areas. Another aspect that helped the warfare of the ottomans is the Timar system, which has a strong resemblance of the European feudal system. The Timar system is a system that is a new and improved version of an old Persian way. They would give the askeri part of the agricultural taxes in return in a guarantee for serving in the military. This was good because it gave the sultan more than a 100,000 cavalrymen in the military and also he’d know the income of the empire.

Their foreign relations were somewhat peaceful with other religions. But it seemed that there was more rivalry with their Muslim brothers than other religions. The reason for their harmony with other religions is the Millet system. The Millet system is where the Muslims granted any community within the Ottoman Empire that had an excepted holy book protection. The protected communities were called dhimmas and the people within the communities dhimmis had to pay in return a poll tax or cizye.

Agriculture was also an important aspect as it was the key element to a strong economy. Agriculture provided the citizens jobs as farmers who farm the produce and merchants who sell the produce. The empire had a lot of fertile land, which made it a lot easier to farm and to have good crops. Some fertile lands were the Nile delta in Egypt and Aydin valley in Anatolia provided great crops from the rich soils.

Their culture was strongly influenced by Islam in all these subjects’ poetry, calligraphy, music and food. Islam powerfully swayed poetry as they used Quran as a base of writing. Calligraphy started of by artists writing the verses of Quran in the holy book.  Islam was also part of the food, as they had to adapt their cooking styles to the limitations given by the religion.

These are all very important factors to the Ottoman Empire and they were all influenced by religion, as religion was the most important aspect in the Ottomans eyes. The Ottoman Empire was a great empire that could of lasted until today but the concepts of nationalism and ethnicity came into play. The decline of the empire started when bribery and corruption started becoming an issue in the government. Wars with other nations started putting pressure and ended up in treaties. The shrinking empire finally fell in the 19^th century even though it ended its still remembered as one of the best Empires that have ever existed.

Bibliography

1. Turzim. “The Ottoman Empire.” Accessed November 27, 2011.
http://www.turizm.net/turkey/history/ottoman3.html.
2. History of the Ottoman Empire. "The Ottoman Empire Timeline". Accessed November 27, 2011. http://www.turizm.net/turkey/history/ottoman3.html  
3. BBC. "Ottoman Empire (1301-1922)". November 28, 2011.
http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/islam/history/ottomanempire_1.shtml
4. HilalPlaza. “The Fall of the Ottoman Empire.” Accessed 25-November-2011http://www.hilalplaza.com/fall-of-ottoman-empire.html                                                                       5. Quataert, Donald. The Ottoman Empire, 1700-1922: New Approaches to European History.

 Cambridge: Cambridge University Printing Press, 2000.

Bibliography

1. Turzim. “The Ottoman Empire.” Accessed November 27, 2011.
http://www.turizm.net/turkey/history/ottoman3.html.
2. History of the Ottoman Empire. "The Ottoman Empire Timeline". Accessed November 27, 2011. http://www.turizm.net/turkey/history/ottoman3.html  
3. BBC. "Ottoman Empire (1301-1922)". November 28, 2011.
http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/islam/history/ottomanempire_1.shtml
4. Quataert, Donald. The Ottoman Empire, 1700-1922: New Approaches to European History.
 Cambridge: Cambridge University Printing Press, 2000.